Subject • | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources. | [X] | • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | [X] | • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. |
(8)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Archives. |
(5)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 20th century. |
(5)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Religious life -- 20th century. |
(3)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 19th century. |
(2)
| • | Synagogues -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(2)
| • | Amusement parks -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Records and correspondence. |
(1)
| • | Bellefaire Jewish Children's Home (Shaker Heights, Ohio) |
(1)
| • | Beth Am Congregation (Cleveland Heights, Ohio). -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Blossom Music Center. |
(1)
| • | Charities -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Charities. |
(1)
| • | Chevrei Tikva (Cleveland, Ohio) -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Cleveland (Ohio) -- Intellectual life -- History -- Sources. |
(1)
| • | Cleveland (Ohio) -- Social life and customs -- History -- Sources. |
(1)
| • | Conservative Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Conservative Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Democratic Party (Cuyahoga County, Ohio) |
(1)
| • | Endowments. |
(1)
| • | Friendly societies -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Germany -- Emigration and immigration -- 19th century. |
(1)
| • | Halle family -- History -- Sources. |
(1)
| • | Halle, Blanche R., 1878-1960. |
(1)
| • | Halle, Eugene S., 1875-1951. |
(1)
| • | Hays family -- History -- Sources. |
(1)
| • | Jewish Community Federation (Cleveland, Ohio) |
(1)
| • | Jewish Family Service Association (Cleveland, Ohio). |
(1)
| • | Jewish gays -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century |
(1)
| • | Jewish gays -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. |
(1)
| • | Jewish law. |
(1)
| • | Jewish lesbians -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Jewish lesbians -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. |
(1)
| • | Jewish religious schools -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Jews -- Dietary laws. |
(1)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 21st century. |
(1)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 19th century. |
(1)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 21st century. |
(1)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs. |
(1)
| • | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Societies, etc. |
(1)
| • | Jews, German -- United States -- History -- 19th century. |
(1)
| • | Jews, German -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Joseph family -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Emil, 1857-1938. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Fanny Dryfoos, 1866-1930. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Frank E., 1904-1995. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Martha J., 1917-2006. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Moritz, 1834-1917. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Ralph S., 1888-1958. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, Ray K. Hahn, 1888-1937. |
(1)
| • | Joseph, William R., 1946- |
(1)
| • | Kinsman Jewish Center (Cleveland, Ohio). |
(1)
| • | Mayfield Hillcrest-Shaarey Tikvah B'nai Israel Congregation (Beachwood, Ohio). |
(1)
| • | Mintz, Carl. |
(1)
| • | Mintz, Jacob, 1867-1947 -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Musical Arts Association (Cleveland, Ohio) |
(1)
| • | Muskin, Jacob, 1920-1990. -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Nonprofit organizations -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Nvai Zedek Congregation (Cleveland, Ohio) |
(1)
| • | Orthodox Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Orthodox Rabbinical Council of Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Private investigators -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Records and correspondence. |
(1)
| • | Rabbis -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Rabbis -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Reform Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Reform Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. |
(1)
| • | Refugees, Jewish -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Rohrheimer family -- History -- Sources. |
(1)
| • | Shaarey Tikvah Congregation (Cleveland, Ohio). |
(1)
| • | Shtull, Jacob, 1926-2002. -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Synagogues -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Transsexuals -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. |
(1)
| • | Transsexuals -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. |
(1)
| • | United States -- Emigration and immigration -- 19th century. |
(1)
| • | Warrensville Center Synagogue (Cleveland Heights, Ohio). |
(1)
| • | Weil family -- History -- Sources. |
(1)
| • | Working class -- Ohio -- Cleveland. |
(1)
| • | Workmen's Circle (U.S.) -- Ohio -- Cleveland. -- Archives. |
(1)
| • | Yelson, Adele Joseph, 1944-1977. |
(1)
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| Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 1 | Title: | Jacob Mintz Family Papers
| | | Creator: | Mintz, Jacob Family | | | Dates: | 1894-1949 | | | Abstract: | Jacob Mintz (1867-1947) was a prominent private detective in Cleveland, Ohio, for over fifty years. Native to Cleveland, Mintz was descended on his father's side from Polish Jewish immigrants of the 1850s and Prussian Jewish immigrants of the 1860s on his mother's side. Mintz was a picturesque, high-profile professional during his successful career. A number of his jobs involved major events of the era. He served as bodyguard to Carrie Nation, the anti-drinking crusader, when she spoke in Cleveland in 1901. That same year, Mintz escorted the immediate family of Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of President William McKinley, to Buffalo, New York, to visit him in the days immediately after the assassination. The collection consists of business records, correspondence, and two scrapbooks of newspaper clippings regarding Jacob Mintz and newspaper clippings and a program regarding his son, Carl Mintz. | | | Call #: | MS 4893 | | | Extent: | 1.40 linear feet (1 container and 1 oversize folder) | | | Subjects: | Mintz, Jacob, 1867-1947 -- Archives. | Mintz, Carl. | Democratic Party (Cuyahoga County, Ohio) | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 19th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs. | Amusement parks -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Records and correspondence. | Private investigators -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Records and correspondence. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 2 | Title: | Beth Am Congregation Records
| | | Creator: | Beth Am Congregation | | | Dates: | 1934-1999 | | | Abstract: | Beth Am Congregation, a Conservative Jewish congregation in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, was founded in 1933 as the Community Temple by Rabbi Abraham Nowak and a group who belonged to B'nai Jeshurun Congregation (then known as Temple on the Heights). The founders wanted their new synagogue to be more welcoming to all Jews, regardless of their wealth or status. The congregation established administrative offices at 241 Euclid Avenue; services and school classes were held at Coventry School in Cleveland Heights. After meeting at several rented locations, the congregation purchased a large house on Washington Boulevard. By 1940, however, the need was seen for a permanent structure, and a building fund was established. In 1947 Beth Am purchased the Trinity Congregational Church at 3557 Washington Boulevard. The new rabbi, Jack J. Herman, was named the same year. The congregation continued to grow, and by 1956 had 600 families with 500 students in the religious school. A fire in 1957 destroyed much of the lower level of the building, including two Torahs and synagogue records; the congregation met on the campus of John Carroll University until repairs were effected. Rabbi Herman served the congregation until his death in 1969. Rabbi Michael Hecht was installed late in 1970. In 1971 the congregation dedicated a new religious school named for Rabbi Herman, constructed on land adjacent to the synagogue. From 1974 through the congregation's merger with B'nai Jeshurun in 1999, there were financial deficits that made it difficult for the congregation to sustain itself. The Jewish community was moving farther east, and membership decreased. A congregant offered land at the intersection of Cedar and Lander Roads in Mayfield Heights, provided that the membership could raise the monies necessary for a new building. In spite of a positive feasibility study, and plans unveiled by the architectural firm Finegold Alexander and Associates, the fundraising goals were not met and Beth Am sold its Washington Boulevard Building to the New Bible Fellowship Church and merged with B'nai Jeshurun Congregation in 1999. The collection consists of minutes, correspondence, financial reports, lists, newspaper clippings, and publications. | | | Call #: | MS 4895 | | | Extent: | 39.83 linear feet (43 containers and 3 oversize folders) | | | Subjects: | Beth Am Congregation (Cleveland Heights, Ohio). -- Archives. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Religious life -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Archives. | Conservative Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Synagogues -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 3 | Title: | Workmen's Circle of Cleveland Records, Series II
| | | Creator: | Workmen's Circle of Cleveland | | | Dates: | 1939-2002 | | | Abstract: | The Workmen's Circle of Cleveland (f. 1904) is a secular Jewish fraternal organization formed in the United States to perpetuate Yiddish language and culture, support and promote the liberal political agenda, offer both health and death benefits, and provide a meeting place for fellowship. Its Yiddish cultural programming includes lectures, readings, concerts, third Passover seders, and the I.L. Peretz Workmen's Circle School, a supplementary program for children. Branch 1030, one of a number of Cleveland, Ohio, branches, was the first English speaking branch and was founded in 1939. Following World War II and the Holocaust and the continuing acculturation into American life of the descendants of its Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrant founders, the Workmen's Circle, in Cleveland and nationwide, has been experiencing significant and continuous loss of membership. The Workmen's Circle's group health plan and death benefits, both of which are available on a non-sectarian basis, are the major source of membership. These programs have had difficulty attracting members since the proliferation of health maintenance organizations and health insurance plans. The collection consists of correspondence, ledgers, membership lists, minutes, and newsletters relating to Branch 1030. Also in the collection are regional records, and national office constitutions, correspondence, and reports. | | | Call #: | MS 4891 | | | Extent: | 2.02 linear feet (2 containers and 2 oversize folders) | | | Subjects: | Workmen's Circle (U.S.) -- Ohio -- Cleveland. -- Archives. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Societies, etc. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Archives. | Friendly societies -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Working class -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Jewish religious schools -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 4 | Title: | Blanche R. and Eugene S. Halle Family Papers
| | | Creator: | Halle, Blanche R. and Eugene S. Family | | | Dates: | 1930-1962 | | | Abstract: | Blanche Rohrheimer Halle (1878-1960) and her husband Eugene S. Halle (1875-1951) were descendants of pioneer immigrant antebellum German-Jewish families in Cleveland, Ohio. Their ancestry included, in addition to Halle and Rohrheimer, the Hays and Weil families. Eugene S. Halle was an investment banker and an early member of the Cleveland Stock Exchange. Both Eugene and Blanche Halle were active and generous philanthropists. The collection consists of an "in memoriam" scrapbook containing certificates, photographs, and correspondence regarding the community contributions made by the Halles. | | | Call #: | MS 4892 | | | Extent: | 0.25 linear feet (1 oversize volume) | | | Subjects: | Halle, Blanche R., 1878-1960. | Halle, Eugene S., 1875-1951. | Halle family -- History -- Sources. | Rohrheimer family -- History -- Sources. | Hays family -- History -- Sources. | Weil family -- History -- Sources. | Charities. | Endowments. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 20th century. | Jews, German -- United States -- History -- 19th century. | Germany -- Emigration and immigration -- 19th century. | United States -- Emigration and immigration -- 19th century. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 5 | Title: | Jacob Shtull Papers
| | | Creator: | Shtull, Jacob | | | Dates: | 1948-1992 | | | Abstract: | Jacob Shtull (1926-2002) served as rabbi of Shaarey Tikvah Congregation (Gates of Hope, Mayfield Temple, Mayfield Hillcrest Synagogue) in Beachwood, Ohio, from 1958-1992. After his retirement he served as Emeritus Rabbi of the congregation. Born in Montreal, Canada, he studied there at Sir George William College and then at the Jewish Theological Seminary, New Ork, where he received his rabbinical ordination in 1953. His first pulpits were in Canada with Congregation B'nai Israel in London, Ontario, from 1953 to 1956, and at Congregation Beth Am, Downsview, Ontario, from 1956-1957. The collection consists of correspondence, lectures, sermons, bulletins, newspaper clippings, notes, and reports. | | | Call #: | MS 4890 | | | Extent: | 3.00 linear feet (3 containers) | | | Subjects: | Shtull, Jacob, 1926-2002. -- Archives. | Shaarey Tikvah Congregation (Cleveland, Ohio). | Mayfield Hillcrest-Shaarey Tikvah B'nai Israel Congregation (Beachwood, Ohio). | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Religious life -- 20th century. | Jews, German -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Conservative Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Synagogues -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Rabbis -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Refugees, Jewish -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 6 | Title: | Joseph Family Papers
| | | Creator: | Joseph Family | | | Dates: | 1866-1993 | | | Abstract: | The Joseph Family is a prominent Cleveland, Ohio, Jewish family. Moritz Joseph arrived in the United States in 1853 from Gauersheim, Rheinpfalz, Germany, during the nineteenth-century German-Jewish immigration period. Settling in Cleveland in 1872, Joseph became successful in the manufacturing ofmen's clothing incorporating that operation as the Joseph and Feiss Company in 1907. The company, formed out of previously operating businesses, was one of the largest manufacturers of men's clothing in the United States. Moritz Joseph married Jette Selig in 1853; the marriage produced four sons. Three of them, Isaac, Fred, and Siegmund, and Siegmund's son Ralph, worked all or part of their careers with the Joseph and Feiss Company. The foruth son, Emil, Emil's son Frank E., and Frank E.'s son William R., became lawyers after graduating from Columbia University Law School. Frank E. Joseph was a promient lawyer and a partner at the Jones, Day, Cockley, & Reavis law firm. The family has been very active in both leadership and philanthropy in Cleveland in institutions such as the Musical Arts Associaton (The Cleveland Orchestra), the Kulas Foundation, and the Warner and Swasey Foundation, and in Jewish communal institutions such as Bellefaire and The Jewish Family Service Association. The collection consists of scrapbooks chronicling the lives of Martha J. Joseph Joseph, Adele Joseph Yelson and Edmil, Frank E. and William R. Joseph. Included in the scrapbooks are correspondence, photographs, programs, and newspaper clippings. The Joseph Family Papers also include the diaries of Emil Joseph from 1877 to 1938 and Ralph S. Joseph from 1903 to 1948, and extensive correspondence of Emil Joseph to Fanny Dryfoos Joseph between 1886 and 1909, and his son, Frank, between 1922 and 1928. | | | Call #: | MS 4894 | | | Extent: | 40.02 linear feet (37 containers, 11 oversize volumes, and 2 oversize folders) | | | Subjects: | Joseph family -- Archives. | Joseph, Moritz, 1834-1917. | Joseph, Martha J., 1917-2006. | Joseph, Ray K. Hahn, 1888-1937. | Yelson, Adele Joseph, 1944-1977. | Joseph, Emil, 1857-1938. | Joseph, Fanny Dryfoos, 1866-1930. | Joseph, Frank E., 1904-1995. | Joseph, Ralph S., 1888-1958. | Joseph, William R., 1946- | Blossom Music Center. | Musical Arts Association (Cleveland, Ohio) | Jewish Family Service Association (Cleveland, Ohio). | Bellefaire Jewish Children's Home (Shaker Heights, Ohio) | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 19th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 19th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Archives. | Charities -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Nonprofit organizations -- Ohio -- Cleveland. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- Intellectual life -- History -- Sources. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- Social life and customs -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 7 | Title: | Jacob Muskin Papers
| | | Creator: | Muskin, Jacob | | | Dates: | 1940-1990 | | | Abstract: | Jacob Muskin (1920-1990) was a Cleveland, Ohio, rabbi affiliated with the Orthodox movement of Judaism. Born in Chicago, Muskin attended the Ner Israel Rabbinical College in Baltimore. After World War II, he was the associate national director of Va-ad Ha-Hatzalah (the rescue committee, in Hebrew), an organization that saved children and scholars from the Holocaust. He began his pulpit career in Cleveland as the rabbi of the Kinsman Jewish Center in 1950, where he established the first synagogue-sponsored nursery school in the city. In 1959 he helped to orchestrate the merger of Kinsman Jewish Center with other small Orthodox congregations to form Warrensville Center Synagogue in Cleveland Heights. He served as rabbi at Warrensville Center Synagogue until his death in 1990. Muskin was active in many local Jewish organizations. He served on the Kashruth Board, the chaplaincy committee, and the Central Fund for Traditional Institutions, all of the Jewish Community Federation of Cleveland. He was on the board of directors and served on the educational committees of Yeshiva Adath B'nai Israel, the Telshe Yeshiva, and the Bureau of Jewish Education of Cleveland. As a member of the Merkaz Harabonim, the Orthodox Rabbinical Council of Cleveland, he served as chair for six years, often articulating the views of the Orthodox community on issues such as Kashruth, divorce, cemetery practices, holiday observances, and Zionism. The collection consists of correspondence, minutes, newspaper clippings, ledgers, lists, synagogue programs, and legal documents. | | | Call #: | MS 4837 | | | Extent: | 1.01 linear feet (1 container and 1 oversize folder) | | | Subjects: | Muskin, Jacob, 1920-1990. -- Archives. | Kinsman Jewish Center (Cleveland, Ohio). | Nvai Zedek Congregation (Cleveland, Ohio) | Warrensville Center Synagogue (Cleveland Heights, Ohio). | Orthodox Rabbinical Council of Cleveland. | Jewish Community Federation (Cleveland, Ohio) | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Religious life -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Archives. | Jews -- Dietary laws. | Orthodox Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Rabbis -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Synagogues -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Jewish law. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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Manuscript Collection | Requires cookie* | 8 | Title: | Chevrei Tikva Records
| | | Creator: | Chevrei Tikva | | | Dates: | 1983-2002 | | | Abstract: | Chevrei Tikva, a religious congregation organized to meet the needs of gay, lesbian, and transgendered Jews, was founded in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1983. The name Chevrei Tikva (Hebrew for "friends of hope") was chosen in Hovember 1983. Religious services were initially held in members' homes. From 1984-1989 the group met at The Civic, 3130 Mayfield Road, in Cleveland Heights. The congregation acquired its Torah scroll in 1986, and introduced varied programming, including Sabbath and holiday services, Passover seders, house dedications, and baby namings. In 1989 the congregation moved its services to the Unitarian Universalist Society of Cleveland, 2728 Lancashire Road, in Cleveland Heights, and also affiliated with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, which is the synagogue association of the Reform movement. In 2001 Rachel Rembrandt, a graduate of Hebrew Union College, became the congregations' first permanent rabbi. The collection consists of newsletters, minutes, program flyers, lists, correspondence, calendars, prayer services and reports. | | | Call #: | MS 4874 | | | Extent: | 2.01 linear feet (4 containers and 1 oversize folder) | | | Subjects: | Chevrei Tikva (Cleveland, Ohio) -- Archives. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- 21st century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- History -- Sources. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 20th century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Social life and customs -- 21st century. | Jews -- United States -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- Archives. | Jewish gays -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century | Jewish gays -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. | Jewish lesbians -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Jewish lesbians -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. | Transsexuals -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Transsexuals -- Religious life -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. | Reform Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 20th century. | Reform Judaism -- Ohio -- Cleveland -- 21st century. | Cleveland (Ohio) -- History -- Sources.
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